Manejar un tanque: oleaje, deflectores, espacio libre y manejo seguro

Preguntas de repaso con respuestas

1. Which two things make driving a liquid tanker require special skill? ¿Qué dos cosas hacen que manejar un tanque de líquido exija habilidad especial?
   1. Long wheelbase and wide mirrors
   2. High center of gravity and liquid movement
   3. Low weight and short trailer
   4. Air brakes and a sleeper
   Ver respuesta

   High center of gravity and liquid movement

   The two reasons: a tall center of gravity and sloshing (surge) liquid.

   Se necesita habilidad por el centro de gravedad alto y el movimiento (oleaje) del líquido.

2. A high center of gravity means: Un centro de gravedad alto significa:
   1. The load sits low near the axles
   2. The tank is longer than normal
   3. The brakes are weaker
   4. A large share of the cargo weight sits high off the road
   Ver respuesta

   A large share of the cargo weight sits high off the road

   High center of gravity means much of the weight is high off the road, making the vehicle top-heavy.

   Significa que gran parte del peso va alto, y el vehículo queda pesado arriba.

3. How should a tanker take highway curves and on-ramp or off-ramp curves? ¿Cómo debe tomar un tanque las curvas de carretera y de rampas?
   1. Well below the posted speed
   2. At exactly the posted speed
   3. Slightly above the posted speed
   4. At the highway speed limit
   Ver respuesta

   Well below the posted speed

   Tests show tankers can roll over at posted curve speeds, so go well below them.

   Las pruebas muestran que los tanques pueden volcarse a la velocidad indicada; vaya muy por debajo.

4. Tests have shown that tankers cannot turn over if they stay at the posted speed for a curve. Las pruebas han mostrado que los tanques no se vuelcan si respetan la velocidad indicada de la curva.
   1. True
   2. False
   Ver respuesta

   False

   False. Tankers can roll over at the posted curve speed.

   Falso. Los tanques pueden volcarse a la velocidad indicada.

5. Liquid surge is caused by: El oleaje del líquido se produce por:
   1. A full tank with no room
   2. Too much air pressure in the tires
   3. Movement of liquid in a partly filled tank
   4. A loose fifth wheel
   Ver respuesta

   Movement of liquid in a partly filled tank

   Surge comes from liquid moving in a partially filled tank.

   El oleaje viene del movimiento del líquido en un tanque parcialmente lleno.

6. When the wave of liquid hits the end of the tank after you stop, it tends to: Cuando la ola de líquido golpea el extremo del tanque después de detenerse, tiende a:
   1. Shove the truck the same way the wave is going
   2. Pull the truck backward only
   3. Lift the front wheels off the road
   4. Have no effect on a stopped truck
   Ver respuesta

   Shove the truck the same way the wave is going

   The wave pushes the truck the way the wave is moving; on ice it can shove a stopped truck into an intersection.

   La ola empuja el camión en su dirección; en hielo puede empujarlo hasta una intersección.

7. On an icy road, what can liquid surge do to a tanker that has just stopped? En un camino con hielo, ¿qué puede hacer el oleaje a un tanque que acaba de detenerse?
   1. Nothing, because the brakes are set
   2. Freeze the brakes
   3. Empty the tank
   4. Shove it out into an intersection
   Ver respuesta

   Shove it out into an intersection

   On slippery surfaces the surge wave can push a stopped truck into an intersection.

   En superficies resbalosas la ola puede empujar el camión detenido a la intersección.

8. When loading and unloading a tank divided by bulkheads, the driver must pay attention to: Al cargar y descargar un tanque dividido por mamparas, el conductor debe cuidar:
   1. Paint color
   2. Weight distribution
   3. Radio frequency
   4. Fuel economy
   Ver respuesta

   Weight distribution

   Balance the weight so neither the front nor the rear is overloaded.

   Cuide la distribución del peso para no cargar demasiado el frente o la parte trasera.

9. How are bulkheads different from baffles? ¿En qué se diferencian las mamparas de los deflectores?
   1. Bulkheads have holes; baffles are solid
   2. They are the same thing
   3. Bulkheads are solid walls that divide a tank into smaller tanks; baffles have holes that let liquid through
   4. Bulkheads are only used in food tanks
   Ver respuesta

   Bulkheads are solid walls that divide a tank into smaller tanks; baffles have holes that let liquid through

   Bulkheads divide a tank into separate compartments; baffles are bulkheads with holes that slow surge.

   Las mamparas dividen en compartimentos; los deflectores son mamparas con agujeros que frenan el oleaje.

10. Baffles help control forward-and-back surge. What kind of surge can still occur and cause a rollover? Los deflectores ayudan a controlar el oleaje hacia adelante y atrás. ¿Qué oleaje todavía puede ocurrir y causar un vuelco?
    1. Side-to-side surge
    2. Upward surge
    3. No surge at all
    4. Only surge when the tank is full
    Ver respuesta

    Side-to-side surge

    Baffles slow front-to-back surge, but side-to-side surge can still happen and roll the vehicle.

    Los deflectores frenan el oleaje adelante-atrás, pero el de lado a lado todavía ocurre.

11. Un-baffled tanks (smooth bore tanks) usually carry: Los tanques sin deflectores (de interior liso) suelen llevar:
    1. Gasoline
    2. Sand
    3. Compressed gas
    4. Food products such as milk
    Ver respuesta

    Food products such as milk

    Smooth bore tanks usually haul food products like milk.

    Los tanques lisos suelen llevar alimentos como la leche.

12. Why do food tanks usually have no baffles? ¿Por qué los tanques de alimentos normalmente no tienen deflectores?
    1. Baffles are too heavy
    2. Sanitation rules forbid them because they make the tank hard to clean
    3. Food does not surge
    4. Baffles cost too much
    Ver respuesta

    Sanitation rules forbid them because they make the tank hard to clean

    Sanitation regulations forbid baffles because the inside of the tank would be hard to clean.

    Las normas sanitarias prohíben los deflectores porque dificultan limpiar el interior.

13. In a smooth bore tank, forward-and-back surge is: En un tanque liso, el oleaje hacia adelante y atrás es:
    1. Weaker than in a baffled tank
    2. The same as in a baffled tank
    3. Very strong
    4. Impossible
    Ver respuesta

    Very strong

    With nothing inside to slow the liquid, front-to-back surge is very strong.

    Sin nada que frene el líquido, el oleaje adelante-atrás es muy fuerte.

14. When should you be most careful driving a smooth bore tanker? ¿Cuándo debe tener más cuidado al manejar un tanque liso?
    1. When starting and stopping
    2. Only on flat roads
    3. Only at night
    4. Only when the tank is empty
    Ver respuesta

    When starting and stopping

    Be extremely cautious with smooth bore tanks, especially when starting and stopping.

    Sea muy cuidadoso con los tanques lisos, sobre todo al arrancar y frenar.

15. What is outage? ¿Qué es el outage?
    1. The time a tank is out of service
    2. A leak at the outlet valve
    3. Room left in a tank for the liquid to expand
    4. The weight of an empty tank
    Ver respuesta

    Room left in a tank for the liquid to expand

    Outage is the space left so liquid can expand as it warms. Never load a cargo tank totally full.

    El outage es el espacio que se deja para que el líquido se expanda al calentarse.

16. Why must you never load a cargo tank totally full? ¿Por qué nunca debe llenar un tanque de carga por completo?
    1. Full tanks surge more
    2. Liquids expand as they warm
    3. It wastes fuel
    4. Inspectors cannot see inside
    Ver respuesta

    Liquids expand as they warm

    Liquids expand when they get warmer, so you must leave outage.

    Los líquidos se expanden al calentarse, por eso debe dejar outage.

17. All liquids need the same amount of outage. Todos los líquidos necesitan la misma cantidad de outage.
    1. True
    2. False
    Ver respuesta

    False

    False. Different liquids expand by different amounts, so they need different outage. You must know the requirement.

    Falso. Cada líquido se expande distinto y necesita distinto outage.

18. Which is NOT one of the three things that decide how much liquid to load into a tank? ¿Cuál NO es una de las tres cosas que deciden cuánto líquido cargar en un tanque?
    1. How much the liquid will expand in transit
    2. The weight of the liquid
    3. Legal weight limits
    4. The color of the liquid
    Ver respuesta

    The color of the liquid

    The amount depends on expansion, the liquid's weight and legal weight limits.

    La cantidad depende de la expansión, el peso del líquido y los límites legales.

19. Why are tanks carrying dense liquids such as some acids often only partly filled? ¿Por qué los tanques con líquidos densos, como algunos ácidos, a menudo se llenan solo en parte?
    1. To reduce surge
    2. A full tank could exceed legal weight limits
    3. Acids do not expand
    4. To make unloading faster
    Ver respuesta

    A full tank could exceed legal weight limits

    A full tank of a dense liquid may be over legal weight limits.

    Un tanque lleno de líquido denso puede pasar los límites legales de peso.

20. Because of high center of gravity and surge, a tanker driver should: Por el centro de gravedad alto y el oleaje, el conductor de un tanque debe:
    1. Brake hard and late
    2. Change lanes quickly to avoid traffic
    3. Start, slow down and stop very smoothly
    4. Accelerate quickly from stops
    Ver respuesta

    Start, slow down and stop very smoothly

    Drive smoothly: smooth starts, slowdowns, stops, turns and lane changes.

    Maneje con suavidad: arranques, frenadas, giros y cambios de carril suaves.

21. To help control surge when coming to a stop, you should: Para ayudar a controlar el oleaje al detenerse, debe:
    1. Keep steady pressure on the brakes and not release too soon
    2. Pump the brakes quickly
    3. Release the brakes just before the truck stops
    4. Shift to neutral and coast
    Ver respuesta

    Keep steady pressure on the brakes and not release too soon

    Keep steady brake pressure and do not release too soon when stopping.

    Mantenga presión constante y no suelte el freno demasiado pronto.

22. Which is a good way to control surge in a tanker? ¿Cuál es una buena forma de controlar el oleaje en un tanque?
    1. Follow closely so you can draft
    2. Brake at the last moment
    3. Steer quickly while braking
    4. Brake far ahead of a stop and increase following distance
    Ver respuesta

    Brake far ahead of a stop and increase following distance

    Brake far in advance and leave more following distance.

    Frene con anticipación y deje más distancia.

23. If you must make a quick stop in a tanker to avoid a crash, which braking method should you use? Si debe detenerse rápido con un tanque para evitar un choque, ¿qué método de frenado debe usar?
    1. Lock all wheels and steer hard
    2. Controlled or stab braking
    3. Pull the parking brake
    4. Jake brake only
    Ver respuesta

    Controlled or stab braking

    Use controlled or stab braking; quick steering while braking can roll the tanker.

    Use frenado controlado o intermitente; girar rápido al frenar puede volcar el tanque.

24. What may happen if you steer quickly while braking in a tank vehicle? ¿Qué puede pasar si gira rápido mientras frena con un vehículo tanque?
    1. The tank will empty
    2. The brakes will fade instantly
    3. The vehicle may roll over
    4. Nothing, if the tank is baffled
    Ver respuesta

    The vehicle may roll over

    Quick steering while braking can cause a tanker to roll over.

    Girar rápido mientras frena puede volcar el tanque.

25. The correct way to drive a tanker through a curve is to: La forma correcta de pasar una curva con un tanque es:
    1. Slow down before the curve, then accelerate slightly through it
    2. Brake hard in the middle of the curve
    3. Enter at the posted speed and coast
    4. Speed up before the curve
    Ver respuesta

    Slow down before the curve, then accelerate slightly through it

    Slow before the curve and accelerate slightly through it; the posted speed may be too fast.

    Reduzca antes de la curva y acelere un poco durante ella.

26. How do wet roads affect normal stopping distance? ¿Cómo afectan los caminos mojados la distancia normal de frenado?
    1. No change
    2. Add 10 percent
    3. Cut it in half
    4. Double it
    Ver respuesta

    Double it

    Wet roads double the normal stopping distance.

    Los caminos mojados duplican la distancia de frenado.

27. Compared with a full tank vehicle, an empty tank vehicle: Comparado con un vehículo tanque lleno, uno vacío:
    1. Always stops in half the distance
    2. May take longer to stop
    3. Cannot skid
    4. Has no surge risk on curves
    Ver respuesta

    May take longer to stop

    With less weight on the tires, an empty tanker can need more room to stop.

    Los tanques vacíos pueden tardar más en detenerse que los llenos por tener menos tracción.

28. On a tank trailer, if the drive wheels or trailer wheels begin to skid, the vehicle may: En un remolque tanque, si las ruedas motrices o del remolque empiezan a derrapar, el vehículo puede:
    1. Stop faster
    2. Gain traction
    3. Jackknife
    4. Self-correct
    Ver respuesta

    Jackknife

    A skid of the drive or trailer wheels can cause a jackknife.

    Un derrape de las ruedas motrices o del remolque puede causar tijera.

29. What three driving errors can cause a tanker to skid? ¿Qué tres errores pueden hacer derrapar un tanque?
    1. Over-steering, over-accelerating and over-braking
    2. Using mirrors, signals and horn
    3. Driving smoothly, slowly and carefully
    4. Checking gauges, tires and lights
    Ver respuesta

    Over-steering, over-accelerating and over-braking

    Do not over-steer, over-accelerate or over-brake. When a skid starts, act to restore traction.

    No gire, acelere ni frene en exceso. Si empieza un derrape, recupere la tracción.